Three Aspects of Validity in Qualitative Research

Transferability

The first concept, transferability, functions like discussions of external validity in quantitative research. Most qualitative studies have a small sample size, which limits the efficacy of analytical generalizability and often makes it impossible to demonstrate. Instead, qualitative research discusses transferability, the ability of a research finding to be applicable in other contexts and situations. Discussions of transferability seek to answer the question of to what extent will this study’s findings be applicable in other situations.

While this may seem a daunting consideration, the researcher is not responsible for suggesting applicability in all other situations, as one might do in the “Considerations/Suggestions for Further Research” section. It is not possible to know every situation in which a study’s findings may or may not be applicable and transferable. As others (Klein et al 1999, Rodon and Sesa 2008) have suggested, the researcher is responsible for providing enough details about the setting and context so that readers may assess the applicability of the findings to their specific situation.

Credibility

In a similar fashion to transferability serving in place of external validity, qualitative research discusses the credibility of the findings to understand a study’s internal validity. In qualitative research, credibility refers to the confidence that the data and its analysis are valid and reliable. As Patton (1999) observed, the credibility of qualitative inquiry rests on three distinct but intertwined factors: the use of rigorous techniques and methods for gathering and analyzing the data, with attention to its validity, reliability, and transferability; the credibility of the researcher, evidenced through training, experience, track record, presentation of self, and criticality; and a philosophical belief in the value of naturalistic inquiry, qualitative methods, inductive analysis, purposeful sampling, and holistic thinking.

When speaking of the credibility of one’s findings, there are numerous methods of ensuring one has the most reliable and credible data and analysis, including using well-established research methods derived from those who have performed similar studies, thick description of the phenomenon under scrutiny, and its context, techniques to ensure safety and trustworthiness from interlocutors and participants, and triangulation.

The most common technique of ensuring one’s findings are credible is triangulation. Triangulation is the use of multiple referents to draw conclusions. Triangulation can include collecting multiple types of data, such as established literature, observational data, and interview transcripts; methods of data collection, such as archival research, participant observation, and interviews; and using multiple analysts to collect and analyze data. The goals of triangulation are to reduce individual biases regarding the phenomenon. Also, to provide a fuller, thicker description of the phenomenon that can provide a more thorough explanation. The fuller the picture provided, the more likely the findings are to be credible and, consequently, valid.

For more information on credibility, please see this earlier blog post on our website.

Ethical Procedures

The final area discussed as part of validity in qualitative studies is the ethical procedures researchers use. This includes the research design, data collection/analysis, and data storage. These ethical procedures are included in any research proposal sent to one’s doctoral committee and to the IRB for approval.

When planning one’s research, one must consider the ethical issues of recruitment of study participants, including:

• Potential benefits and risks of the study for participants
• Methods of ensuring participant anonymity/confidentiality
• Methods of ensuring the security of the data obtained during the research
• A statement explaining that a participant may withdraw at any time and have their data removed from consideration

While qualitative research often poses no risks to participants’ physical health, there are other risks to consider. Depending on the research question, participation may evoke traumatic events from participants, such as abuse, homelessness, loss of job, etc. Also consider social and legal risks participation may entail. Will the participant lose face or be embarrassed? Will participation open the participant to legal repercussions?

Assessing Risk and Benefit

Consider what a breach of confidentiality entails for the participants should their personal, private data be made public. When considering the potential risks, a researcher must weigh them against the potential benefits. Qualitative research often provides no direct benefit to the individual participants the way quantitative clinical research does. However, important benefits are gained from exploring phenomena through qualitative methods. These include (a) the importance of the knowledge to be gained, (b) the contributions the research makes to various disciplines, (c) or the contributions to society in general. There also might be cases in which a specific community, rather than individual subjects, benefits from the research.

For more information on assessing risk and benefit, please see the following blog post on our website.

Communicating Ethical Practices

In addition to addressing these ethical concerns in one’s research proposal and/or IRB proposal, ethical researchers present an overview of their plans for addressing these concerns to potential participants prior to their participation. This should be presented both in written form, a “leaflet or flyer,” and in oral form, a discussion with each potential participant where the researcher explains the research and addresses any initial questions (Wilson et al. 2008).

Concluding Thoughts

Research validity is discussed extensively across all disciplines that perform qualitative research. While qualitative researchers employ different terminology from quantitative researchers, they address the same concerns. The transferability of findings, which forms the qualitative equivalent to external validity, is improved by providing a thick, rich description of the phenomenon and its context. This gives readers the needed information to determine if the findings are applicable to other, similar situations. Where quantitative studies discuss internal validity, qualitative studies speak of the credibility of the findings. Qualitative studies often reference the use of known and rigorous methods of data collection and analysis. When time and funding permit, qualitative researchers use triangulation to provide as accurate an interpretation of the phenomenon as possible. Finally, studies focusing on humans and human interactions require discussions of research ethics and how ethical concerns are addressed.

This blog post introduced the concept of qualitative validity. These topics are thoroughly discussed in academic literature. For those conducting qualitative research, these are topics that need to be addressed throughout the research process. For those accustomed to quantitative discussions of validity, this post may be useful should they come across a qualitative study while doing research or should they seek to bring qualitative research into their own studies as part of a mixed methods approach.

Works Cited

Klein, H.K., and M.D. Myers (1999). “A set of principles for conducting and evaluating interpretive field studies in information systems,” MIS Quarterly (23) 1, pp. 67-93.

Rodon, J., and F. Sesa (2008) “Towards a framework for the transferability of results in IS qualitative research,” Sprouts Content, 223. https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1222&context=sprouts_all

Wilson, S., H. Draper, and J. Ives (2008) “Ethical issues regarding recruitment to research studies within the primary care consultation,” Family Practice (25) 1, pp. 456-461.